This post is going to be a little different from usual. Tonight, I'm going to share some of the scholarly marginalia clogging my brain. During the course of researching Memnon, I've made a hobby of collecting the frgaments of ancient sources that mention him. Most occur well after his death in 333 BCE (for those not familiar with the life of Memnon of Rhodes, here is the 'short blurb': Born in the shadow of giants, Memnon of Rhodes (375-333 BCE) rose from humble origins to command the whole of western Asia in a time of chaos and bloodshed. To his own people, he was a traitor, to his rivals, a mercenary. But, to the King of Kings, his majesty Darius III of Persia, Memnon was the one man who could check the rising ambitions of Macedonia’s young monarch, the conqueror history would remember as Alexander the Great.). Two sources, though, are contemporary with his life; a third occurs about 6 years after his death.
The first (I have them alphabetized) comes from Aristotle, and though it might have been written a couple of years after Memnon's death, it is close enough to contemporary to add to my list:
Aristotle, Economics:
[1351b][1] Memnon of Rhodes, on making himself master of Lampsacus, found he was in need of funds. He therefore assessed upon the wealthiest inhabitants a quantity of silver, telling them that they should recover it from the other citizens. But when the other citizens made their contributions, Memnon said they must lend him this money also, fixing a certain date for its repayment.
Again being in need of funds, he asked for a contribution, to be recovered, as he said,
from the city revenues. The citizens complied, thinking that they would
speedily reimburse themselves. But when the revenue payments came in, he
declared that he must have these also, and would repay the lenders
subsequently with interest.
His mercenary troops he requested to forgo six days' pay and rations each year, on the plea that on those days they were neither on garrison duty nor on the march nor did they incur any expense. (He referred to the days omitted from alternate months.)
Moreover, being accustomed previously to issue his men's rations of
corn on the second day of the month, in the first month he postponed the
distribution for three days, and in the second month for five; proceeding in
this fashion until at length it took place on the last day of the
month.
The quote from Aristotle tells us much about Memnon's character. He was sly, crafty. Whereas Alexander the Great often tried to live up to Achilles, I believe Memnon would have found a worthy role-model in Odysseus. Of course, Aristotle had no reason to love Memnon: around 342 BCE, Memnon (at the behest of his brother, Mentor) captured the holdings of Aristotle's uncle-by-marriage, Hermeias of Atarneus, and sent the fellow to his death in the Persian captial of Susa.
The second source comes from the master of Athenian political rhetoric, Demosthenes:
Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates:
[157] Do you remember the immediate sequel, by which the trick was exposed in
the very act? Memnon and Mentor, the sons-in-law of Artabazus, were young
men, enjoying unexpected good fortune by their relationship to Artabazus. What
they wanted was to govern the country peaceably without delay, and to win
distinction without warfare and peril. Accordingly, they persuaded Artabazus to
forgo his vengeance upon Charidemus, and to send him off under an armistice,
advising him that you would bring Charidemus across with or without his consent:
he could not possibly stop you.
Charidemus, in the above quote, was one of Athens' elected admirals; he was essentially a freebooter who operated in the Aegean and Asia Minor. What his offense to Artabazus was I don't know. The line: What they wanted was to govern the country peaceably without delay, and to win distinction without warfare and peril reinforced my image of Memnon as peace-loving, but ruthless when pressed. Let's face it, though he was cunning and a lover of peace, Memnon had to be dangerous enough in the arena of war for Alexander the Great to be worried about him.
The last bit of information is probably the most telling. It's recorded on the walls of the Stoa in Athens, an engraved dedication. I do not possess the text of it, but I've recorded the gist:
Inscription IG II2 356:
In 327/326 BC, the Athenian assembly voted to grant a golden crown to Memnon of
Rhodes in recognition of the excellence and good will displayed by him to the
people of Athens. Also honored were Artabazus, Pharnabazus, Thymondas, and
Mentor.
I would love to know the impetus behind this act. The Athenians were well-known snobs, haters of all things 'barbarian' (read: Persian), but here, they're paying their respect to two Persians, Artabazus and his son Pharnabazus, two 'Persianized' Rhodian brothers, and Mentor's son, Thymondas, a mercenary commander in the army of Darius III. It must have been meant as a giant "F-You" to Alexander, who was off in Asia at the time. The Athenian's probably didn't know, too, that by 327, Artabazus and Pharnabazus were in Alexander's employ . . .
So, here endeth, for tonight, my pedagogery. These people so long dead, so far removed from today's world of faceless beauracracy and long-distance mayhem, simply fascinate the hell out of me. How I would love to sit down with Memnon and listen to him relate the tale of his life, to take me to task for my countless errors. He deserves better than me.
